Black holes could challenge Relativity | Lydia Patton (2024)

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Einstein, Black Holes and the Fate of Relativity

Black holes could challenge Relativity | Lydia Patton (1)

18th July 2022

Lydia Patton

| Professor of philosophy, Virginia Tech, working on the development of gravitational wave astronomy, especially the LIGO project. She edited Philosophy, Science, and History (Routledge, 2014), and co-edited Laws of Nature (Oxford University Press, 2018).

Einstein’s General Relativity is a theory of grand scales, requiring correspondingly grand scale experiments to test it. Black holes, whose existence is predicted by General Relativity, are a great laboratory for such experiments. So far, these new experiments, including the recent visualization of the black hole at the center of our galaxy by the Event Horizon Telescope, seem to confirm the theory. For some, this means the truth of Relativity is increasingly beyond doubt. But at the same time, these experiments open up new ways of challenging, and potentially falsifying Einstein’s theory. That is how Einstein himself wanted thing to be. For him, scientific theories were not meant to be collections of true claims to be confirmed by experiments, but heuristic devices open to being discarded the moment they stopped working, argues Lydia Patton.

Many philosophers of science cite confirmation by experimental evidence as a crucial virtue of theories. Confirmation may mean that, when the theory makes predictions, experiments provide cases of phenomena that behave as the theory predicts. Or, it may mean that experimental evidence raises confidence in our belief in a claim. The philosopher Karl Popper was skeptical about the preeminence of theory confirmation. If all scientists do is look for confirmation of their prior beliefs, they are not engaging in true science, which always seeks to confront theories with the possibility that they could be false. Thus, Popper emphasized the relationship between evidence and falsification. Experiments can be formulated so that they test a theory rigorously, showing ways that it could be false. Popper argued that the possibility of falsification distinguishes scientific theories from non-science.

Lydia Patton
18th July 2022

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Mike Pollock20 July 2022

Lydia, every once in a while I hear people making some effort to try to understand why so much in our universe is completely unexplained. It is amazing how these efforts completely disintegrate so the big bang theory can live as a law forever. The situation is grave but science doesn't want to do what it takes to fix it. That's why paradigm shifts are nearly impossible to come by.

There is now a better theory that follows all the laws that have been abandoned for the last several decades. Currently, the first law of thermodynamics is ignored because all the matter in the universe came from somewhere that scientists do not understand the physics of. Before time, nothing existed. After time started, everything existed. How is a human supposed to understand how that would happen? How many stipulations of the theory have to break the laws in this case?
The initial "singularity" the universe was made of had all the matter of the universe inside of it. How much gravity would that produce? What could possibly happen for the singularity to overcome its own gravity to expand? What force did it? What force is accelerating the universe in its expansion? That makes the whole problem much more difficult to deal with. Unfortunately, there are no explanations for any of the forces involved. It is as if "nothing" did it all.

I have discovered what happened 13.8 billion years ago by applying all the laws of physical that exist. First, everything was already here when the Big Bang happened. Is that so hard for the scientific community to understand? How does science think it can put a time stamp on our entire universe? It is simply not logical to make an assumption like that because of the obvious implications that it creates. A whole group of assumptions had to be created to make our universe "born" like supernovae, fusion, and gravity turning a harmless cloud of gas and dust into a star that will burn for billions of years. Supernovae that are studied never follow the parameters they are supposed to. Fusion has been created for 80 years and never shown any sign of helping humans because the reaction is simply a conservation of energy and mass. Quark plasma is what they are looking for, not fusion. The force of gravity is impossible to understand because a cloud of gas and dust must create its own gravity to become a star. Unfortunately, gravity is not a free energy that normal matter gets to use at its leisure. Gravity doesn't create energy, energy creates gravity. It is a collision that created all the energy needed to accomplish what we see to this day.

13.8 billion years ago, two objects that contained the mass of the observable galaxies collided at an astronomical speed in an already existing, static universe. Our universe turned itself into a gargantuan particle collider no different than any of the ones here on Earth. The colliders create quark plasma shrapnel and our universe created quark plasma shrapnel as the expanding galaxies. This collision created an anisotropic expansion of matter that will seem like an accelerating expanding universe if it is assumed the entire universe is expanding. The accelerating universe is simply an optical illusion. Each galaxy was created as a single mass of quark plasma with it's own size, shape, rotational rate, and trajectory just like a collision would produce. Quark plasma also creates all the naturally occurring elements all by itself from the outside of the mass inward. We live on what was once a black hole of quark plasma.

So, with this theory, all the laws are followed perfectly. Everything already existed satisfying the first law. The collision created the energy the galaxies possess and they have cooled ever since that second adhering to the second law. Newton's third law of motion is satisfied because a force is given to explain why the galaxies are expanding. All the laws are followed which is what any good theory should do. Honestly, if it is really considered scientifically, the Big Bang doesn't follow any of them. That would cause the trouble witnessed ever since the Big Bang theory was made a law.

Scott Anderson20 July 2022

The biggest problem in foundational physics is the use of idealized states in theoretical application. For instance: we know there has never been a perfect vacuum all attempts structurally fail, this is mentioned in published papers on vacuum properties for over a century yet the original theories and by extension any attempts at unification use the perfect vacuum definition. There has never been a "space" observed with zero mass and only light or only energy, we have never physically separated light or energy from matter, to do so conceptually sectioning these attributes off into their own particles was a mistake. The inference of the electron was a mathematical oddity leaning on a charge to mass ratio of an accelerated rarefied gas, inference is not evidence. In a realistic non-zero vacuum everything happening between those collider detectors is atomic impact proxy only, regardless of what math you can do to infer smaller interactions taking place. The use of the ideal vacuum state theoretically means all revenue in the theories to a vacuum are abstract without grounding in reality, zero point, permeability of free space, speed of light in a vacuum, vacuum fluctuations all of it... no direct observation, second hand data only for over a hundred years in the wrong direction. It's time we clean up this mess it's been half a century on quarks the big bang is a marriage of convenience between hubbles remarks on redshirt and the need for quark confinement. The dark variables represnt the difference between prediction and observation. Too arrogant to see the error of our ways, the equations missing the majority of mass and energy should have been the first clue we need to go back to the drawing board

Xinhang Shen19 July 2022

The fatal mistake of Einstein's relativity is obvious, but current mainstream physicists just ignore it. They always claim a moving clock "ticks" more slowly than the stationary clock, but they never question the details of the moving clock: is the length of the tick becoming shorter or the frequency of the tick becoming slower? These are two totally different concepts that the mainstream physicists have mixed up in the statement, which results in a totally wrong conclusion.

In special relativity, the Lorentz Transformation tells us that the time of a moving inertial reference frame becomes shorter than the time of the stationary reference frame of the observer, the mainstream physicists including Einstein himself simply conclude that the moving clock ticks more slowly than the stationary clock. But the real clock measures time using its recorded the number of cycles of its own oscillating system divided by a calibration constant, while the number of cycles is the product of time and frequency. Though the time of the moving frame becomes shorter, the frequency of the moving clock becomes faster to make their product remain the same as the product of the stationary clock, i.e., clock time is absolute and independent of reference frames, completely different from relativistic time, which means special relativity is wrong, and relativistic time is just an artificial time without physical meaning. Therefore, there is no such thing called relativistic spacetime in nature, and all relativistic spacetime based theories including general relativity are wrong.

It is so clear that everybody with basic concept of physics can understand. Why are the mainstream physicists still continuing wasting their time and public fund in the wrong theory?

Black holes could challenge Relativity | Lydia Patton (2024)

FAQs

What does relativity say about black holes? ›

As time increase, black holes may merge together but can never bifurcate. A black hole would be expected to settle down to a stationary state. It is shown that a stationary black hole must have topologically spherical boundary and must be axisymmetric if it is rotating.

Why did Einstein reject black holes? ›

In his words, black holes "violated Einstein's and Eddington's intuitions about how our Universe ought to behave".

What did Karl Schwarzschild say about black holes? ›

A general acceptance of the possibility of a black hole did not occur until the second half of the 20th Century, and Schwarzschild himself did not believe in the physical reality of black holes, believing his theoretical solution to be physically meaningless.

What happens to time according to general relativity as you move near a black hole? ›

Time Can Change

In addition to gravity stretching and squashing objects, another strange phenomenon that a traveler would observe close to a black hole is something called time dilation, in which time passes slower closer to the black hole than further away.

What happens if you go down a black hole according to Einstein's general theory of relativity? ›

Einstein's general relativity says that when matter is pulled into a black hole, its information is destroyed – but quantum mechanics says that cannot happen. As a result, black holes are an incredible theoretical playground for astrophysicists and mathematicians, attempting to reconcile the two theories.

How does e-mc2 relate to black holes? ›

Unlocking black holes

“As it stretches, its energy increases. Einstein's E = mc2 tells you that mass and energy are proportional, so the black hole mass increases, too.”

What is Stephen Hawking's black hole theory? ›

In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking realised that when the laws of quantum mechanics are applied to the sphere around a black hole where light can no longer escape, called its event horizon, then radiation should be emitted by the black hole. This means the black hole slowly “evaporates”.

What is the paradox of quantum black holes? ›

The black hole information paradox is a conflict between two apparently incontrovertible facts: first, that semiclassical gravity is valid on scales where gravitational and quantum effects are more or less separate; second, that quantum mechanics is “unitary” and thus all quantum processes are in principle, though not ...

Who is the father of black hole theory? ›

Robert Oppenheimer and his student Hartland S. Snyder published a paper entitled On Continued Gravitational Contraction. That work used Einstein's general theory of relativity to show, for the first time in the context of modern physics, how black holes could form.

What does quantum mechanics say about black holes? ›

In 1974 Stephen Hawking showed that black holes are not completely black: because of quantum mechanics, they have a temperature and therefore emit matter and radiation, just as all thermal bodies do. This emission, called Hawking radiation, is what causes black holes to eventually evaporate away.

Are black holes fact or theory? ›

Black holes seem to be the stuff of science fiction (and, in fact, have starred in many sci-fi books and movies), so it's not uncommon for people to wonder, are black holes real? As it turns out, the answer is yes, though for a long time most scientists were convinced that black holes were purely theoretical objects.

What is the new theory of black holes? ›

New research presents a bold solution to this puzzle: Black holes may actually be a theoretical type of star called a 'gravastar,' filled with universe-expanding dark energy.

How long is 1 year in a black hole? ›

A clock near a black hole will tick very slowly compared to one on Earth. One year near a black hole could mean 80 years on Earth, as you may have seen illustrated in the movie Interstellar.

How long is 1 minute near a black hole? ›

“If you were to stand just outside the event horizon of Sagittarius A*, and you stood there for one minute, 700 years would pass because time passes so much slower in the gravitational field there than it does on Earth.”

Do black holes break the theory of relativity? ›

Yes, black holes do obey the relativity theory, or more precisely, the general theory of relativity. In fact, black holes are one of the most striking predictions of Einstein's theory of gravity, which describes how mass and energy warp the fabric of space and time.

What is a black hole according to general relativity? ›

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light and other electromagnetic waves, is capable of possessing enough energy to escape it. Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.

Does general relativity predict that black holes have infinite? ›

General relativity predicts that the very center of a black hole contains a point where matter is crushed to infinite density. It's the final destination for anything falling into the event horizon.

What does NASA say about black holes? ›

Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to about 4 million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.

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